For seamless heads, the joint efficiency of the vessel will be 1 (E=1) if the head to shell weld is fully radiographed for the hemispherical Head (Cat A); See the following Figure for RT types: Spot radiographed for ⦠used because of greater speed of welding. In this paper, the aluminum sheet was always placed on top of the lap joint. A birdsmouth joint is a common variation used when the connection must be at an angle. â¢Welding is extensively used in fabrication as an alternative method for casting or forging and as a replacement for bolted and riveted joints. However, ESW may increase the hardness of the welds and heatâaffected zones (HAZs), while reducing the CharpyâV notch strength in the HAZ. Testing showed that joint fatigue can be equalled or even bettered compared to rivets, and that manufacturing complexity and therefore cost can ultimately be reduced with laser welding because there are fewer processing steps. The shear stress generated in the circumferential fillet weld due to the torsional moment is given by: where M t = Applied torque. My question: Can you use Butt-joint band clamps on pipes which fit into one another? Lag screws are commonly used because of their convenience, particularly where it would be difficult to fasten a bolt or where a nut on the surface would be objectionable. Butt welds are more expensive than fillet welds. Lap: A lap joint is where one plate lays on top of another plate. 15.7 Different techniques for cold welding lap joints. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. 8.2). A lap weld joint consists of a bell and spigot integrally formed into the parent cylinder, without the use of separate, welded-on joint rings. Welded joint The joining of two or more metallic components by introducing fused metal (welding rod) into a fillet between the components or by raising the temperature of their surfaces or edges to the fusion temperature and applying pressure (flash welding). When multiple joints are used, the arrangement of rivets between two neighbouring rows may be of two kinds. Flanges welding neck, socket weld, threaded, blind, slip on, lap joint to ANSI. Connectors are assigned a gender, abbreviated M or F. An example of this is a "3 ⁄ 4-inch female adapter NPT", which would have a corresponding male connection of the same size and thread standard (in this case also NPT).Common piping and plumbing fittings. The heat-treated joints were compared with welded joints. ⢠To perform an inside circumferential weld⦠The groove or weld type would usually be a fillet reinforced groove weld. Figure 2.2.a - Three piece can - welded side seam - filled can Figure 2.2.b - Three piece can - welded side seam - empty can 4 of these five, the butt joint is the one used primarily in boiler fabrication although under certain circumstances the lap joint may sometimes be used. The heat-treated joints were compared with welded joints. The types of butt joints are illustrated in Fig. ⢠To perform a curved weld, the minimum diameter can be as small as 10 ft. (3.0m) for an inside weld and 13 ft. (3.9m) for an outside . Lap joint with a double fillet weld should have a 1 in. Longitudinal joints in the shell must be fusion-welded. Welding heat is typically localized, which has certain advantages. Cement waste due to reckless handling and hauling. 9) A cylindrical pressure vessel is subjected to an internal pressure of 3 Mpa on internal diameter of 1000 mm. For this purpose, a lap joint with one ring overlapping the other alternately is used. Circumferential edges of roof and bottom plates may be manually oxygen cut. Another name for butt joint welding is square-groove. Arc welded lap joint has been widely employed to assemble automotive bodies due to its continuous weld, which could provide increased bearing capacity in both stiffness and strength if compared to the discrete weld in resistance spot welding (RSW) process . Figure 1 shows three types of welded joints. Fillet Welded Seams are the most common type of welding joint and accounts for nearly 75% of joints made with arc welding. Outside Corner: This is a joint where two plates come together edge to edge at a 90 degree angle. An enlarged pin head with circumferential notches for friction stir lap welding was proposed to achieve Al/steel joint with ultrastrong interface. In T- joint, the two metal pieces are joined at the right angle to each other and in lap joints, the two metal pieces overlap each other and welded at the edges. 8.4 BUTT JOINTS Welded joints are divided into two groupsâbutt joints and fi llet joints. Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines ASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31 ASME B31.12-2014 Tee: A T joint is a joint where two metal plates are at a 90 degree angle and one of the pieces connects away from the edge. Shortest side of the fillet should be equal to the material thickness. Piping or tubing is usually inserted into fittings to make connections. The electroâslag welding (ESW) process is widely used to connect the diaphragms to the column flanges in Taiwan because of its convenience and efficiency. Lap Joint Flanges are always flat-faced since they are used with stub ends. (25 mm) minimum overlap. variation in joint design can vary the peel stresses. The designer may specify a leg length that is equal to the material thickness as in Fig.7. For this purpose, a lap joint with one ring overlapping the other alternately is used. Local clustering of welds, minimum spacing 3.1 The local clustering of welds and insufficient distances between welded joints are to be avoided (cf. It is because this joint is more critical, because the thickness obtained from the formula for hemispherical head approximately would be half of the shell thickness; It means if the shell thickness is 1 inch, the hemispherical head thickness would be 0.5 inch. welds or single-lap welds if the appropriate joint efficiency and inspection are applied? Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. From the experimental results, the heat-treated joints yield higher lap shear strength than the as welded joints. Application of Spectacle blinds. C) Low-alloy steel for resistance to H 2 and H 2 S (SA-387, Gr. For RT1 and RT2 joint efficiency is 1.0, for RT3 efficiency is 0.85 and for RT4 efficiency is 0.70. In this paper, the aluminum sheet was always placed on top of the lap joint. As the name implies, the two parts intended for brazing are simply laid on top of each, and the capillary spacing between the two pieces will comprise the braze joint when the BFM melts and flows. Lap Joints and Welds Lap joints may be either single fillet, double fillet, plug slot, or spot-welded. Cognizant of the importance of providing effective standard specifications to be FSSW welded joints Friction Stir Spot welds were done on dissimilar lap joints made of AA6063-T6 and a LCG-S of 2 mm and 0.7 mm thick, respectively. 38. Since the proximity of a rubber gasket (if used) to the internal weld will likely cause the gasket to burn, the weld must be made fully circumferential and watertight. The 2 edges overlap by approximately 0.5 mm. A butt joint is the most universally used method of joining pipe to itself, fittings, flanges, valves, and other equipment. The parent cylinder steel is formed beyond its elastic limit to exacting tolerances to form the bell, and, when necessary, to size the spigot. The stub end becomes the raised face. Approx. artificial aging on lap shear strength of friction stir lap-welded joints were performed. It ensures quality terminations to welds, provides some prying resistance and seals the weld. of parts in stress-carrying lap joints shall be five times the thickness of the thinner part, but not less than 1 inch (25 mm). The next type of but joint is known as a bevel or double V joint. Previous Page Next Page. Two basic types of welds are sketched in Fig. Similar Butt and Dissimilar Lap Joints 99 Examples of weld cross sections of type 304L steel made using different defocusing distances are shown in Figure 6. 3.12 Design Procedure for Circumferential Lap Joint 3.13 Torsional Loading and Eccentric Loading of Riveted Joint 3.14 Summary 3.15 Key Words 3.16 Answers to SAQs 3.1 INTRODUCTION In engineering practice it is often required that two sheets or plates are joined together and carry the load in such ways that the joint is loaded. FSSW welded joints Friction Stir Spot welds were done on dissimilar lap joints made of AA6063-T6 and a LCG-S of 2 mm and 0.7 mm thick, respectively. 12C1.1) High-tensile steel The plates are overlapped and a fillet weld is applied at the edge of the plate. 8.1. Lap joints welded with fillet welds. Method of Sheet joints for boiler The five basic types of welded joints are sketched in Fig. Since a boiler is made up of number of rings, therefore the longitudinal joints are staggered for convenience of connecting rings at places where both longitudinal and circumferential joints occur. A Butt Weld is a circumferential butt welded joint, and the most common type of joint employed in the fabrication of welded pipe systems. For example, a Type 1 weld is defined as a full penetration weld, typically double welded and Type 2 is welds with backing strips. r = radius of the shaft t = throat thickness. This … A butt joint can be defi ned as a joint between two components lying approximately in the same plane.A butt joint connects the ends of the two plates. Standard weld neck flanges are used in butt weld fittings. need not be radiographed. If welding metal thicker than 3/16â³ this method should not be used because the weld will not penetrate far enough into the metal and will not be as strong. to reunite metal at a crack, to bldbuild up a small part that has bkbroken off such as gear tooth or to repair a worn surface such as a bearing surface. A single fillet and shorter overlap may suffice when less strength is required. Thats what this weeks video is about. The vessel is fabricated with single weld butt joint with back strip and is not radio-graphed. Lbs. Cross-lap Joinery. The heat affected zone of an edge weld is greater than any other joint we have gone over. - Tee joints. Drain holes to be provided for trapped rain water. Continuous welds shall be used for all joints in wind girders. The stress analysis of a finite sized doubler is also presented. 8.65. Peso nominal. PHMSA is revising the Federal Pipeline Safety Regulations to improve the safety of onshore gas transmission pipelines. Pocket-hole joinery is where a basic butt joint is fastened using screws that are at an angle. The selection of the types of butt joints depends upon the plate thickness and the reliability. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. The indentor diameter or die width depends upon the material thickness (t) and is usually given by the following relationship: r = (1 to 3) t ⦠(15.13) The indentor length is usually 6 times the single sheet thickness. Position the torch parallel to the edge and use the same zig-zagging motion as the torch moves along the path of the weld. However, Plant 3D seems to have a different approach when it comes to using stub ends. Strength considerations may mean that the fillet weld size does not need to be anywhere near the plate thickness. The cement and fine aggregate for grouting concrete joints are mostly overlooked in the estimating processes. RT-2: ASME PTB-4 Ref. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. BW is an abbreviation of Butt Weld(ing). The least preferred method of construction is the single welded lap joint which is the easiest and quickest method of construction. Support shall be provided for all wind girders when the width of the horizontal leg or web exceeds 16 times the thickness of the leg or web. If the joint forms in the middle of both boards, it is called a cross lap joint instead. Comparing to single-lap shear joints, the double lap, the scarf, and the stepped joints are designed to decrease the peel stresses. You can insert WN or SO into the model without any problems. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. If a gasket is used in the joint to be welded on the inside, the joint should be seal-welded by the skip- weld method to prevent the welder from being exposed to fumes from a burning gasket rubber. Fusion-welded joints must conform to the requirements set out in Appendix W of the AAR Specifications for Tank Cars publication, except that circumferential welds in tanks having an inside diameter less than 914 mm (36 in.) Yes.€ 9th - Feb. 1996 They are widely used( particularly aircraft longitudinal skin splices), but in many other areas as well. This is because longitudinal joints are more critical than circumferential joints. They are widely used( particularly aircraft longitudinal skin splices), but in many other areas as well. Furthermore, per SCVWD standard design philosophy for reliability and protection of the public water supply, the field joints were all bell and spigot welded lap joints. Fillet Welded Seams are just another terminology for corner, lap, and tee joints. The two items are a set like two peas in a pod. That is because satisfactory lap weld fit-up is easily achieved and the member whose flat surface is being welded to the edge of the other material acts as a backing material that reduces the risk of blowing through the weld joint. The local silicon enrichment suppressed the growth of intermetallic compounds, which was attributed to the formation of an ultrathin interfacial layer ⦠As discussed earlier, oversized welds are commonplace and the lap joint is no exception. It is also used as a repair medium e.g. Table 4 shows this limit. Circumferential Seam Welding is a process that joins two or more members of an assembly in a lap joint configuration by producing a series of overlapping resistance spots in a circumferential, cylindrical application as well as flat assemblies. 1.0 = 100%, 0.85 = 85% efficiency. Lap joint - leg length specification. Welded joints as strong (or stronger) than base metal being welded Good welding design specifies welds that require minimum amount of weld metal. This final rule addresses congressional mandates, National Transportation Safety Board recommendations, and responds to public input. Where corrosive liquids are involved, both edges of the joint must be welded. Lap Joints - 14250_53. The pure cement powder used by mason in plastering op-erations to prevent fhe plaster from sliding downward Is … Note, there are triple and quadruple riveted joints similar to the above-explained ones. 6. Our stationary pipe beveling machine Beaver S-serie is suitable for this job. 2.1. 3.12 Design Procedure for Circumferential Lap Joint 3.13 Torsional Loading and Eccentric Loading of Riveted Joint 3.14 Summary 3.15 Key Words 3.16 Answers to SAQs 3.1 INTRODUCTION In engineering practice it is often required that two sheets or plates are joined together and carry the load in such ways that the joint is loaded. RE: joint efficiency in the intermediate head attached to shell - UW-13 SnTMan (Mechanical) 29 Mar 13 09:56. saulook, joint efficiency per UW-12 is not applicable in this joint. A single-riveted circumferential lap joint for a cylindrical shell is shown in Fig. 8.5.8.4 during lap joint welding between steel and aluminium alloys, since this method could produce partial penetration weld in steel sheet. From Eq. The relative positions of the two pieces being joined determine the type of joint.The following are the five basic types of joints commonly used in fusion welding. used because of greater speed of welding. They are formed when two pieces of metal are placed in an overlapping pattern on top of each other. ASME Pressure Vessel Joint Efficiencies for Seamless Heads. It ensures quality terminations to welds, provides some prying resistance and seals the weld. Depending upon the number of rows the riveted joints may be classified as single riveted lap joint, double or triple riveted lap joint etc. They are generally used in static load applications or in the repair of unibody automobiles. The single-lap joint is the most common joint used Kerf or gouge marks on the joint bevel deeper than 1/8â (0.125) shall be repaired prior to fit-up and tack welding. Lap joints welded with fillet welds. A finite difference numerical solution of the derived governing differential equation is used to verify the accuracy of the closed-form solution for a joint of semi-infinite geometry. The circumferential joint is used to get the required length of the boiler. The common joints used in forge welding may be lap joint, butt joint, T joint and V joint. 4. The lap-fillet joint is undesirableâsometimes even intolerableâ because of non-uniform and excessive local heating, increased locked-up stresses, deformation and cracks in the weld and parent metal (Fig. The lap joint formed when connecting the 2 edges of the body blank. Strength of Welds. 2-It´s possible X-rayed fillet weld? Figure 5E. <?php // Plug-in 8: Spell Check// This is an executable example with additional code supplie Because a fully welded steel pipeline provides restraint against movement due to thrust forces, the relocation of this 42-inch pipe was thought to be much less of a design problem. For this purpose, a lap joint with one ring overlapping the other alternately is used. artificial aging on lap shear strength of friction stir lap-welded joints were performed. 3-26, view B) can withstand more severe loadings than the square tee joint, because of better distribution of stresses. Sample vessel illustrating joint locations ⦠In chain riveting the adjacent rows have rivets in the same transverse line. The joint looks like a T, thus its name. From the experimental results, the heat-treated joints yield higher lap shear strength than the as welded joints. Branch welds are sometimes used in place of a fitting. Figure 5D. The first joint is done at 105 amps using a dc stick welder set to electrode positive and it welded pretty sweet. The welded joint will occur at the edge of the top plate. Welding Handbook WELDING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Prepared under the direction of the Welding Handbook Committee In this study, MILKO 37 milling machine was modified to run FSW process on 4 mm plate of aluminum A5083 butt joint. It only applies to welds made along edges (lap joints, some corner joints). Another example would be a fillet weld being placed in a lap joint. ASME Pressure Vessel Joint Efficiencies for Seamless Heads. These apply at temperatures above 510°C (950°F), and are based on consideration of the effects of creep. Fillet welds in holes or slots in lap joints may be used to I'm using PLant 3D 2018, and I cannot insert the Stub End and then the LJ ⦠The circumferential joint is used to get the required length of the boiler. As discussed earlier, oversized welds are commonplace and the lap joint is no exception. For double-welded butt joints If fully radiographed = 1.0 If spot-examined = 0.85 If not radiographed = 0.70 In general, for spot examined If electric resistance weld = 0.85 If lap-welded = 0.80 If single-butt-welded = 0.60 Carbon steel (SA-285, Gr. Lap-joints: The easiest type of brazement to make is the lap-joint. Corner Joint â When two pieces are perpendicular to each other and one pieceâs edge meets the end of the other pieceâs surface, it is referred to as a corner joint. Define lap joints. The FSW process is a unique welding method because it will not change the chemical properties of the welded metals. WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e. It is also used as a repair medium e.g. Fillet weld is commonly known as tee joint or lap joints weld. 4. Corrosionpedia explains Lap Weld. So when you go to service restriction for a vessel containing a lethal substance, you see there is a restriction there that says all category A joints shall be weld Type 1 and Category B and C shall be type 1 or type 2. (63 mm) with handwheel. Hub aprox. of aluminum alloy lap-joint* by TSUTSUMI Seiichiro**, DAIMON Gaku *** and FINCATO Riccardo** Blowhole (BH) cont ained in weld joints is known to be a cause of reduction in strength. After welding, the thickness of the welded seam is approximately 1.2 times the thickness of the body plate. Construction of government infrastructure facilities of the highest quality has always been the primary mandate of the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH). Double riveted joint: in double riveted joints two rows of rivets are used in a lap joint or two rows of rivets are used in each main plate of butt joints. When welding is done the weld is called a butt joint welding. Download PDF. See Figure 30. Welds shall not be over-dimensioned. Table 4 shows this limit. Lap weld joint modelling and simulation of welding in programme SYSWELD ... distortions and hardness due to the welding of the circumferential overlap weld joint at the repair of the gas pipeline by composite sleeve. By pipewelder_1999 Date 06-12-2005 00:14 The basic types of "Joints" are Butt, Edge, Corner, Lap, and Tee. The design of circumferential lap joint consists of the following steps: (i) Thickness of Cylindrical Shell The thickness of thin cylindrical shell is obtained by the same equation that is used for longitudinal butt joint. The longitudinal joint is used to join the ends of the plate to get the required diameter of a boiler. Welded joint efficiency table recommendations. â¢Welding is extensively used in fabrication as an alternative method for casting or forging and as a replacement for bolted and riveted joints. 2.4.8.3 Fillet Welds in Holes or Slots. The effective interfacial width of 7.5 mm was achieved. No. Lap welding joints are essentially a modified version of the butt joint. A2A - Mithun L Gowda Lap joints and butt joints. Table 4: Maximum Fillet Weld Size. Your weld will be done in the natural seem made by the offset. LAP JOINT FLANGES h ø k ø m ø D ø J ø l b r. F.A Diámetro. Since a boiler is made up of number of rings, therefore the longitudinal joints are staggered for convenience of connecting rings at places where both longitudinal and circumferential joints occur. In chain riveting the adjacent rows have rivets in the same transverse line. 3. Because the fire tube boiler heads hold the tube ends, they are called tube sheets Fig.3 4. [14] a joint lap-shear strength that does not exceed 2.5 MPa in thermal bonding of PMMA. Yes. For seamless heads, the joint efficiency of the vessel will be 1 (E=1) if the head to shell weld is fully radiographed for the hemispherical Head (Cat A); See the following Figure for RT types: Spot radiographed for ⦠Download Full PDF Package. The single-bevel tee joint (fig. You do not need to prepare the edge and this type of joint make it easy to weld piping systems. Using some 6013, 7018ac, 7018 excalibur, and 6011 rods, we weld the heck out of some 11 ga steel lap joints . Click to see full answer. In a lap joint, the top piece, welded on an edge, will heat and melt very quickly. When multiple joints are used, the arrangement of rivets between two neighbouring rows may be of two kinds. Cuello. also Chapter 3, Section 1, G.4). weld. Three types of welded joints are frequently used. Typical lap weld indentor configurations used for cold welding are shown in Fig. : E7.2: E = 1.00: E = 0.70: E = 1.00: Figure 4. ASME Pressure Vessel Joint Efficiencies for welded Heads. 9th - Feb. 1996 Figure 5-6 620-I-13/00 May the roof be butt-welded to the compression ring as an alternative to the lap weld shown in Figure 5-6 Details e, f, f-1, and g, if all requirements for circumferential butt welds are met? Image credit Science Direct. Welds can be made on one or both sides. [13] report a joint lap-shear strength of about 9.5 MPa for FSpW of lap joints in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and Zhu et al. It is generally used on plates of 1/2 inch or less in thickness and where welding can only be done from one side. Lap Joint Welding. irregular joints while welding. Because in the table TABLE UW-12 indicate "Degree of Radiographic Examination" "NA" If possible, when I use X-rayed 100% on the fillet weld and fillet weld can I used E=1? 5. Long weld neck flanges are used with vessel nozzles and equipment. Weld Joints and their general efficiency (recommendation, consult ASME pressure vessel code or similar application standards when required). Compared to a single fillet, a T-joint with a double-fillet weld produces maximum joint strength. Depending upon the number of rows the riveted joints may be classified as single riveted lap joint, double or triple riveted lap joint etc. Socket welds are also found frequently. Table 4: Maximum Fillet Weld Size. Friction stir lap welding is a promising technology to obtain high-strength joints of Al alloys in aviation and aerospace industries. The lap joint, which is used when making a lap weld, is very forgiving to varying part dimensions. Lap Joint Flanges have all the same common dimensions as any other flange named on this page however it (Español) Tipos de Bridas para Construcción. They require very little joint preparation. Category A and D butt welds shall be fully radiography (RT1) hence the Joint efficiency is 1.0. When edges of plates are oxygen cut, the resulting surface shall be uniform and smooth and shall be free of scale and slag accumulations before welding. An open access, rapid peer-review journal publishing high quality research on the design, fabrication, properties and applications of all classes of materials. Minimum spacing and dimensions of holes or slots when fillet welding is used shall conform to the requirements of 2.5. The designer may specify a leg length that is equal to the material thickness as in Fig.7. These are Butt-joint clamps: These are Lap-Joint clamps: The difference is about $5 each. (79 mm) with clamp and 2-1/2 in. For some type of weld such as lap joint, based on structural stresses at the weld root in the joint as failure often initiates from the weld root, the fatigue strength is widely analyzed (Hsu and Albright, 1991; Wang, 1995). Figure 3-26. Welding and brazing both readily produce spot joints. lap joints synonyms, lap joints pronunciation, lap joints translation, English dictionary definition of lap joints. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. I don't want to weld it all solid because I want the ability to disassemble it for future mods or replacing parts. welding of double-bead lap joints in PA, while Oliveira et al. There is no value added for the spot radiography of the circumferential joints since the long seam joint efficiency governs the design and RT-4 Option 1 already increased the long seam efficiency to 0.85. Adherend shaping is also used to decrease the peel stresses in the composite joints(Fig.4). An edge joint is similar to the lap weld, in that we will be grabbing the corners of our sheet or bar material as we weld the edges together, melting them into our weld pool. End Returns (Boxing) Boxing is the continuation of a fillet weld around the corner of a member (Figure 14). Pocket-hole Joint. 1 was used for DR of tube to tube butt weld joint between two dissimilar materials A and B. Elliptical double wall exposure double wall viewing technique had been used to conduct DR which had generated the image of weld in elliptical shape. during lap joint welding between steel and aluminium alloys, since this method could produce partial penetration weld in steel sheet. Without further inspection it is assumed the welded joint is weaker than the material around it due to potential defects such as porosity, slag inclusions, and others. 8.5.8.3. Despite extensive studies performed on thin-wall structures, few works were conducted to join the plates with drastically different thickness, such as the joining of aircraft skins and panels. 8.9 Types of Welded Joints . Image C is what is called an offset lap joint. The circumferential joint is used to get the required length of the boiler. Joint efficiency is a factor required in all head and shell calculations that accounts for how closely a finished weld joint approximates the quality of the seamless parent material. 2.1. 15.8. This Joint efficiency plays a vital role in determining the thickness of the pressure vessel components in Mechanical calculation. When pipes have to be welded to each both ends of the pipes have to be machined first by a pipe bevelling machine. For some type of weld such as lap joint, based on structural stresses at the weld root in the joint as failure often initiates from the weld root, the fatigue strength is widely analyzed (Hsu and Albright, 1991; Wang, 1995). End Returns (Boxing) Boxing is the continuation of a fillet weld around the corner of a member (Figure 14). The outer periphery of the wind girder may be circular or polygonal. The exposure setup as shown in Fig. For the experiment, variables of travel speed and tool rotational speed based on capability of machine were used to run FSW process. Fig.4 5. We often call them lap welds but according to *standard terms* thats not quite correct. The flanges are created to match the pipeâs inside diameter or fitting. Circumferential weld, seam weld and spiral weld. They apply to longitudinal and spiral weld joints in pressure design and to circumferential weld joints in the evaluation of stresses due to standard loads, S L. Weld joint strength reduction factors, W, for weldments at elevated temperatures are included in Paragraph 302.3.5(e) in ASME B31.3.
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